GREAT PHILOSOPHERS

KHUARUATTHIAM HMINTHANG PAWL

          Leitlun ah mi thupi, mi hminthang tamzet an um. Fimthiamnak lam, uknak lam, thilsiamtharnak lam, sii lam, cet thilri lam, ral donak lam, electronic lam, tvp. hmun tampi ah an thupitnak hmun a phunphun in a um. Cumi pawl lakah leitlun khuaruatthiam (Philosopher) pawl khal hi mi thupi hminthangzet tampi sungah an tel ve. Himi khuaruatthiam pawl ih sankhat hnu sankhat an ruahnak le an hmuhtonmi cu a dang phahphah na’n a tlangpi thu in an bang aw. 

          Khuaruatnak thu kan ruat tikah Grik miphun pawlih khuaruatnak thuhla ihsin thok ṭul dingah a um. Ziangahtile Grik mi pawl hi khuaruatnak lamah a hminthang hmaisabik pawl an si. Curuangah Grik san lai ih khuaruattu pawlih thuanthu pawl hi a hmaisa ah kan zohta hrih ding. Grik pawl hi leitlun khuaruatnak lamah mi hminthang zetzet an si. Himi mifim pawlih nun thuanthu (biography) si loin an khuaruatnak pawl kha tawifamkim nawn in ka tarlang tum ding.

          Leitlun khuaruatnak thuanthu ah a hminthangbikmi le mi ih theih tambikmi Grik mifim khuaruatthiam tampi an rak um dah. Cumi pawl lak ihsin Socrates (469-399 BC), Plato (429-347 BC) le Aristotle (384-322 BC) pawl ih thuhla mallai kan zohhnik ding. Himi mifim pawl Grik rampi ah an rak tlanlen dahnak le an thihnak cu kum 2500 lai a rak liam zo ko. Asinain thuruahnak lam a zirtu pawl hrang ahcun himi te pathum ih nunnak thuhla le an ca, an thuruahmi pawl hi zir le theih dingah tuini tiang a thupizet lai a si. A thupi ringring lai a si.

Socrates (469-399 BC)

          Plato in a simmi ah, Socrates ih pa cu Sophroniscus a siiih a nu cu Phaenarete a si.  Socrates ih pa cu sosertu a siih a nu cu nausuak tikih dongtu sayama (midwife) a si. Socrates hin a nun thokpek lam caan tawite sung ahcun a pa ih hnaṭuan a rak bawm lawk. Asinain tawkfang a rei hnu ah ‘ka nu ih hnaṭuan vekin ruahnak thar pawl tampi ka suakter ding’ a tiih thuruahnak lam ah a nun a her aw sal. Socrates ih nupi hmin cu Xanthippe a siih fapa pathum, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus le Menexenus, an nei.

          Socrates hi amai’ ruahnak le a zumnak parah dingin cuih a zumnak hrangah thi tiang a tuarngamtu paralṭha pakhat a si. A nun sungah a thuruahmi pawl cu cabu pi in a rak ngansuak lo. Lamzin parah a vak ih mino pawl hnenah a thuruah daan pawl a sim ṭheu. A thuruahnak le a zirhmi thu pawl cu a tlawngta pawl le a rualpi pawlin an karhzai ter. A hleice in, Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle la Aristophanes te pawlin Socrates ih khuaruahnak pawl midang thei sin dingin an thehlar ter. Socrates ih a sim ṭheumi ṭongkam larzet pakhat cu, “Ka theihmi cu zianghman ka thei lo ti hi a si/Ka fim tiah ka thei awknak hi ‘zianghman ka thei hrih lo’ timi ka theih ruangah a si,” timi ṭongkam a si. “Fimthiamnak hawl rero mi minung pakhat ka si. Mi zovek khal an zatein keimah i zirhtu ka saya pawl lawngte an si thluh,” a rak ti ṭheu.

          Socrates hi ral thuhla, ram uk daan thuhla, innsungsang thu le duhdawtnak thu, cuihsin science lam thuhla, minung thawn pehparmi thu hmuahhmuah a hmuhtonmi vekin a rak sim ṭheu. An san laiah khuaruahnak lam zirhtu (Sophia) pawl tampi an rak um. Cumi pawl cu, tlawng an rak dinih paisa lakin khuaruahnak lam tlawng an rak ong/din. Curuangah paisa a neimi innsungsang pawl lawng tlawng an kai thei. Mi farah le paisa nei lo cun tlawng an kai thei lo. Cuih zirhtu pawlin Socrates cu an ngaih lo, an duh lo nasa. Ziangahtile Socrates in thudik lawnglawng a sim ṭheu ruangah a si. Netabik ah cuih a ngaih lotu Sophia saya pawlih khawkhannak le mipi hrekkhat ih dilnak vekin Socrates cu thuṭhennak zungah thukhin (tazacuai) a tong.

          Cuticun ‘Grik pathian a bia lotu, Grik nunphung le daan a pahbaltu le mino pawl zinpeng ih a hruaitu a si,’ tiah thuṭhennak zungah sual an puh. A netnak ah thuṭhentu pawlin thah dingah (thih sii thawn) thu an ṭhencat. Sikhalsehla Socrates cun a ruahnak pawl hi a dik a si, a timi a khuaruahnak parah a thi tiang a dinpi ngam a si. Thuṭhennak zung ih thuneitu pawlin ‘ka zumnak a sual/a palh a si, tiin na sim asile thihnak ihsin kan lo luatter ding’ an ti nain a ngai duh cuang lo. A zumnak ṭhawn-aw hnak cun cuih a zumnak parah thihpi ding hi a hril sawn a si.

          Socrates ih thuruahnak hminthang pawl tampi sungin mal lai ka tarlang ta ding. (1) Ka theihmi cu zianghman ka thei lo ti hi a si/Ka fim tiah ka thei awknak hi ‘zianghman ka thei hrih lo’ timi ka theih ruangah a si; (2) Fimnak cu mangbangnak ihsin thokmi a si; (3) Mi tluangtlam pawl cu nauhak vek pawl hi an si; (4) Thihnak timi cu minung hrangah thluasuah tumbik a si; (5) Hi leitlunah sunloih upattlak bik si dingah mai’ sinak thup le ti aw-ter thiam a ṭul; (6) Kan thlacammi pawl hi a tlangpi thu in thluasuah hrangah a si. Pathian cun kan hrangah ziang a ṭha ti hi a thei thluh; (7) Ruahnak ka lo pek duhmi cu nupi ṭhit aw; nupi ṭha na ṭhit ngah asile na nun a nuam ding; cutin a si lo ahcun thuruatthiam pakhat ah na cang ding; (8) Man nei lo minung pawl cun ei le in hrangah an nung; Man a neimi minung cun in le ei hi a nunnak hrangah a hmang, timi pawl tla an si.

 

Plato (427-347 BC)

          Socrates ih dungthluntu a simi Plato in Socrates ih khuaruahnakle a zumnak parih a ralṭhat daan le nuncan ziaza thu (Ethics) pawl hi ca tampi a rak ngan. Plato ruangah Socrates ih thu cu kum thawng tampi rei hmansehla ṭhatein kan theih ngah thei a si. Plato in ca pawl rak ngan lo ta bang sehla Socrates ih a nunnak thuanthun, a ruahnak le a thuhla pawl cu hmakhatte ah a hlo lohli mai ko ding.

          Plato cu mi hminthangzet le milian innsungsang ihsin a suakmi a si. Plato hi mi vanṭha pakhat a si. Athens lole Aegina khua ah a suak. A pa cu Ariston a si. Diogenes Laertius in simmi vek a si ahcun Athen siangpahrang Cordus le Messenia siangpahrang Melanthus tei’ cithlah a si. Plato ih nu cu Perictione a siih Athen ih hminthangzet innsang ihsin ra mi a si ve. Miphun-uu innsangih suakmi pakhat asiih mi lian khal a si fawn. Plato hi mi hmel ṭha pakhat tla a siih a thluak khal a ṭhazet. A hmin ngaingai hi a pu ih pekmi Aristocles tiah kawh a rak si nain buan a zirhtu a sayapa Ariston of Argos in Plato ti’n hmin a rak pek, tiah Diogenes Laertius in a sim.

          Amai’ kum 18-20 hrawng ah Socrates thawn an rak tong aw. Socrates thah dingin thuṭhennak zungih thukhin tongin thu an ṭhen lai ah khal a rak um ih a sayapa tlen thei ding (aamahkhan ding) in nasazet in a rak zuam. Socrates kha thihsii in ih a thih laiah Plato cu kum 28 hrawng a si. A thin a rak na zet na’n zianghman a ti thei ve fawn si lo. 399 BC ah Socrates ih dungthluntu a si ruangah le Democracy a dodaltu pakhat a si ruangah Athen khua ihsin an rak dawi. Cuticun a rualpi pawl thawn Athen ihsin an tlansuak. Kum 12 sung a rak hlo. Cumi caan sungah Plato cu Egypt, Sicily, Cyrene, Italy le Lybia ram pawl ah a rak feh vivo. India ram tiang a rak thleng a ti, a titu khal an um.

          Siangpahrang kha a soisel ngah ruangah sal ah an zuar. Cyrene ah thah ding tiang hman a tong. Asinain a rualpi hlun pakhat in Plato kha sal dinhmun ihsin a rak lei sal. Cuticun sal sinak in a luat sal. Plato a upatzettu pawlin cuih a rualpa cu paisa pek sal an tum nain a duh lo ih a rak el. Cuih paisa thawn leiram an lei ih 383 BC ah “Platonic Academy” tlawng pakhat an rak din. Cuih tlawng cu Europe ram ih a hmaisabik dinhmun Phunsang tlawng a si, tiah santhuanthu sungih thil hminthang pakhat ah a cang ta. Asinain AD 529 ah cuih university cu siangpahrang Justinian I. in a pit ter ih a hloral ta.

          Plato in a sayapa Socrates cu a duhdawtzet. Cuihtlunah a sayapa kha a tlaihsan zet. Ka saya Socrates cu Athen khua ih Democracy system pi in a that a si, a tiih Democracy timi ṭongfang hi a thei duh hrimhrim lo. “Democracy timi mi tampi ih duhnak tinte’n a ṭha thluh thei lo. Mi tampi sungah fimthiamnak a nei lomi pawl an tam sawn. Cuih an thu ṭhencatnak cu a ṭha mi thil a suahpi thluh dah lo ding. Curuangah thuruatthiam pawl lawngin ram uktu an si a ṭul,” tiah Plato in a ti. Cumi cu a thuruahnak ih muril pakhat a si. Cuih tlunah “Khua a ruatthiamtu pawlin ram an uk hlan lo, a si lo le ram uktu pawlin thuruah thiamnak an zir lo ahcun minung pawlih buainak kha ṭhate’n uk ih a tawlrel sak thei lo ding,” a ti. Plato ih thuruahnak cu hruaitu ṭha a um caan ahcun a ṭhazet nain hruaitu ṭha lo pawlin ram uknak le thuneihnak an ngah pang ahcun thil ṭha lozet a suahpi thei ve a si.

          Plato ih thuruahnak hminthang pawl tampi sungin mal lai ka tarlang ta ding. (1) “Mi ṭha pawlin daan an ṭul lo, asinain mi ṭha lo pawl fehnak lamzin kiangkap ah daan a um”; (2) “Duhdawtnak timi cu a besia zetmi thinlung natnak a si”; (3) “Nauhak pawl thimnak an ṭih hi ol te’n ngaithiam a theih. Nunnak ih riahsiatza takktak cu minung pawlin ‘tleu’ an ṭih hi a si”; (4) “Theihnak timi cu nunnak (thlarau) hrangah rawl a si”; (5) “Mawhthluknak hi mahte hrilmi a si. Pathian ah mawhthluhnak a um lo”; (6) “Mi pakhat in fimnak a el ahcun a nun net tiang ke awl bangin a feh vivo ding”; (7) “Daite’n na ummi in na lungkimpi ti a langter”; (8) Ralṭhatnak cu runnak phunkhat a si”, timi pawl tla an si.

Plato thihnak thu thawn peh aw in sim le relmi an bang aw lo. Hmunkhat ahcun awnmawi dimte’n an tumsak rero laifang ah a ihkhun parah a thi, ti’n a um. Cule a dang thuhla pakhat ahcun ṭhit-umnak puai ah a thi, ti khal in nganmi a um ve. Santhuanthu lam mithiamzet Tertullian cun ‘a itthat phah in a thi’ tiah a ngan ve. 

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

          Aristotle cu Athen ih saklam peng 200 tlun hlatnak le Thessaloniki khua ihsin peng 34 hlatnak Chalcidice peng Stagira timi khuate ah a suak. A pa cu Nicomachus a siih siibawi a ṭuan. A pa hi siangpahrang Alexander ih pu Macedon siangpahrang Amyntas san laiah siibawi a ṭuantu a si. Aristotle tla a pa hnenah thiamnak tampi a rak zir ve. Kum 18 a kim tikah Plato ih hmin le thuhla a rak thei ngah. Cuticun Athens khua ih Plato ih Academy tlawngah tlawng a kai thok. Plato hnenah kum 20 kiangkap hrawng a rak um. Plato ih kutsuak tlawngta tampi sungah Aristotle hi hminthangbik a si. Plato ih duhdawtbikmi tlawngta pakhat khal a rak si. Sikhalsehla a sayapa ih zirhmi hmuhhmuah mitsing ih cohlang thluhtu a si lo. A sayapa Plato ih sualpalhmi pawl kha hmaisong lote in a rak faksel ngamtu khal a si. A sayapa Plato thawn peh aw in, “Plato hi ka duhdawtzet. Ka upatzet. Sikhalsehla Plato ka duhdawtnak hnakin thudik, thuhman ka duh sawn,” tiah a dinhmun a rak sim.

          Plato hnen ihsin a suak hnu ah Xenocrates thawn mi hmuah ih upatmi a rualpa Atarneus uktu Hermias umnak Asia Minor lam ah khual an tlawng. Asia ram sung ah a rualpa Theophrastus thawn khual an tlawng vivo ih Lesbos tikulh an thleng. Cunah cun cuih tikulh ih a ummi thingkung lam (botany) le ramsa lam (zoology) pawl zingzoi hliakhlainak (research) an nei. Cuhnu ah Pythias timi a rualpa Hermias ih cawmmi fanu (adoptive daughter) thawn an ṭhit aw. Fanute an nei ih Pythias tiah hmin an sak thotho. Hermias a thih hnu ah Macedon siangpahrang Philip II in a fapa Alexander (neta ah Alexander the great tiih hmin thangmi) zirhtu dingih sawmnak bangin 343 BC ah a va feh.

          A sayapa Plato in “Minung ih kan ti theimi fimthiamnak parah zoh in ram-uktu ṭuanvo kha mifim pawlin an ṭuan a ṭul a si,” a ti. A si lo le “Khua a ruatthiamtu pawlin ram an uk hlan lo, a si lo le ram uktu pawlin thuruah thiamnak an zir lo ahcun minung pawlih buainak kha ṭhate’n uk ih a tawlrel sak thei lo ding,” a ti. Sikhalsehla Aristotle cun “Daan le dun thawn ram kha uk ding a si. Minung hnakin daan le dun in ram hruai ding a si sawn,” tiah a rak el ve. ‘Daan le dun’ a rak timi cu tulai san ih kan hman rero mi “thlunding daan” kha a si.

          Aristotle ih thuruah daan hi hmailam saupi tiang a hmu thei ciatu a si zia a lang. Plato ih ram uknak thu sunmang kha Aristotle in a lungkimpi lo nasa. ‘A ngaingai ih tuah a thei lomi le tuah thei hmansehla, cuvek ram uk daan thawn cun ram a buai sawn ding,’ a rak ti. “Minung timi hi pawlkom thawn ummi kan si. Mahte lawng um theih a si lo. Curuangah minung pakhat, pumpak hnakin Ram timi a thupi sawn,” ti’n Aristotle cun a ti. Ram timi hi a sung ummi rami zate thawn a pehpar awmi a si. Rammi pawlih hrilmi hruaitu pawlin cumi ram ih luubik a simi daan le dun kha zohin ram an uk ding a ṭul a si,” a ti.

          Cuihtlunah Aristotle hi tulai san ih kaihhruai awk daan le hman rero mi ram uk daan tahfungpi pathum kha a hmusuak hmaisabiktu a si. ‘Thuneihnak’ timi a simfiangnak ah “Daan ih thu neihnak, ukawknak le thuṭhennak tiin kaihhruai awk ding a si. Cumi cu kaihhruai awknak lamah a siih  thuneihnak ngaingai cu ramsung ummi mipi hnenah a um a si. Cuvekin ram hruaitu pawl tla rami pawl parah duhdawtnak le a dikmi thuruahnak thawn kaihhruai hngai ding an ṭul. Rammi pawlih fimthiamnak, pursum leilawnnak lam ṭhansonak le mipi ṭhatnak hrangah pumpe aw tu ding an si,” tiah a rak ti.

          Aristotle ih thuruahnak hminthang pawl tampi sungin mal lai ka tarlang ta ding. (1) Nomnak timi cu kanmah ah a um; (2) Fimthiamnak ih a hram cu a kha zet nain a rahsuahmi cu a thlum a si; (3) Cathiam le cathiam lo an dan awk daan cu mithi lak ih minung um vekin a si; (4) Fimthiamnak timi cu kum tar ding hrangah timtuahnak ṭhabik a si; (5) Rualpi dik timi cu ruangpum pahnih sungah thlarau pakhat umkhawm hi a si; (6) Ruahsannak timi cu itthat lo lai ih mang manmi vek a si; (7) Democracy sungah mi farah pawl hi mi lian pawl hnakin huham an nei deuh, ziangahtile mi an tam sawn ih mi tamsawn ih duhnak cu a famkim deuhmi a si; (8) Fimnak ih tumtahmi cu nomnak ngah ding a si lo, tuarnak hrial dingah a si; (9) Hnaṭuanmi parih lungkimnak kan neihmi in kan hnaṭuanmi a famkim ter; (10) Mi ṭha lo pawl cu sir ding lawnglawng an nei, timi pawl tla an si.

          Siangpahrang Alexander a thih zik lam ah a sayapa Aristotle parah rinhlelhnak a nei. Curuangah Aristotle hnenah ralrin ding ca a pek. Ziangahtile Alexander in Aristotle ih tupa Callisthenes cu sual a puh ih a that. Curuangah Aristotle in lehrul dingah a thupte’n a tawlrel a si, tiah Alexander in a rinhlelhnak a si. Cuih hnu ah Aristotle cu a innsang pawl thawn a nu ih sungkhat pawl umnak Chalcis pan in an tlan. Aristotle cu 322 BC ah mizaran bangin a thi. A thih hlan te ah a tlawngta Antipater hnenah, “ka thih tikah ka nupi thlan kiangah in phum aw” tiah thu a cah ta.          

Socrates, Plato le Aristotle hnen ihsin zir ngahmi zohsalnak

          A tlunih ka tarlangmi khuaruatthiam Socrates, Plato le Aristotle te ih nun le thuruahmi pawl tlangkawmnak ka tuah lawk ta ding. Socrates ih zumnak parih a thihpi ngam thu, Plato ih a sayapa a duhdawtnak, Aristotle ih ral ṭhazetin a sayapa ih ruahnak el tahrat in amai’ ruahnak parih a dinpi ngammi thu pawl kan hmu cio ko ding. Hih mi ropi pathum lakah kanmah le kan uar deuh cuangmi khuaruatthiam le kan hril deuhmi a um ko ding. Kan uarmi cu a bang cio lo ding.

Asinain uar a um deuh bikmi cu Aristotle a si, tiah kan ti cio ding zum a um. Ziangahtile anih hi a saya Plato ih tlawngah a ṭhanglian, fimnak hnawiti thlum a fawp reizetmi a si ko nain a mitsing in sayapa ṭanpi thluhtu a si lo. A sayapa hnen ihsin thuruah theinak kha lak tahratin amahte in ruahnak thar le thudik hmusuak dingin a zuam theitu khuaruatthiam pakhat a si. A sayapa ih zirhmi a eltu ti lam si loin a hmuhmi thudik parah a ding ngamtu a sinak kha uar a um tiah ruahnak a um. Mah le saya do le el ciamco ding tiah sim duhmi a si lo. Saya le hruaitu an si khalle palh thei an siih cuih palhnak cu hrial thiam in, a dikmi parah dinpi ding hi Aristotle in in zirh deuh tiah ka ruat. Cutiin Aristotle in hmai a nor mi a khuaruahnak le fimthiamnak hawl lo ta bang sehla tuini ah mi tampi ih kan khuaruahnak hi san dunglam ah kir salin a herkual aw sal rero dingmi khal a si thei men.

          Kan fimthiamnak lamzin ah saya kan ṭul timi hi a dikmi a si. El theih lo in a dik. Zokhal zirhtu saya tel loin amahte a fim thei thluh lo ding. A fim khal le a famkim thei deuh lo men ding. Cucu kan theih ciomi a si ko. Asinain kan saya le hruaitu pawlih an palhmi zirhnak a um pang ahcun cumi thlahnuai ih kan taangta lo ding hi a thupi. Thla pakhat ihisn a dang pakhat kan suak thei tik lawngah a mawimi par ṭha kan par thei ding. A dik lomi thla hnuai ah mitsing ih um ringring a ngah lo. Atu kan san le phei cu a thleng aw cak tuk ruangah ṭanmi bul nei ih fehpi ringring a theih lo. Cuih sinakte hi Aristotle in a rak hmusuak ngahmi a si.

          Tulai khalah kan miphun, kan kiang le kap, kan ram ṭhansonak hrangah hruaitu le upa pawl hnakin ṭhangthar nonawn pawlih ṭhansonak hi a thupi sawn, timi ruahnak a um phahphah. Cuti ih a ruattu pawl cun ṭhangthar nonawn pawl an ṭhanso daan ih zirin kan hmailam hrangah kan rampi ṭhanso le ṭumsuk ding cu a langfiang thei ding a si, an ti ṭheu. Cumi ruahnak cu a diknak zawn tampi a um. Santhar nonawn pawl kan kut sungah kan rampi ih hmailam dinhmun cu a um a si, timi cu a dik, a famkim thluh lo ding nain a diknak hmun tampi a um ti theih a si.

          Curuangah Grik thuruatthiam hminthang pawlih ruahnak ihsin kan zir ngahmi ruahnak lengih khuaruahnak, a tlangpi thu timi hruangkham pakhat a lan theimi ruahnak thawn Aristotle bangih a hriam le a cakmi ruahnak nei in hmai a nor theitu moni tampi kan ṭul. Hruaitu saya pawlih ruahnak ṭha tampi lak ding a um vekin, an palhmi khal mitsing in pompi men loin a ṭhatnak dingah ruahnak thar a suahpi theitu mino tampi kan suak vivo theinak dingah zuam cio kan ṭul. 

A Laifang San (Middle Ages)

          Leitlun san thuanthu ah Grik le Rom ram pawl an siatral thluh hnu netalam san hi ‘A laifang san’ (Middle Ages) tiah an ko. Grik pawlih khuaruatthiam san a cem ih a laifang san khuaruatthiam pawlih san ah a ra thleng. A laifang san hi Khristian biaknak le Pastor (bishop) pawlih kaihhruai le ukmi san a si deuh. Khristian thu le hla lam khuaruatnak lawng a ṭhangso ih khawvel thuruahnak lam a ṭumsuk ruangah san thuanthu ngantu pawlin himi tikcu caan saupi hi ‘A Thimmi San’ (Dark Ages) ti in khal an ko. Ziangahtile khawvel lam thuruahnak pawl hi thupi ah an ret nawn lo ih Khristian thuruahnak le zirhnak lawng an ṭhangson ciamco ruangah a si.

          Himi san ahhin Khristian biaknak thawn pehparmi khuaruatthiam tampi an rak suak. Sikhalsehla an zatein khuaruatnak lamzin ding pakhat ah fehtlang dutdo loin a ṭhen ṭhen tein a rak feh vivo. Ṭhen hmaisa lam cu Rom uknak a cem caan hrawng a si. AD 400 ihsin 1000 karlak sung a si. Himi san hi ‘Late Antiquity’ ti khalin an ko. “Antiquity” ti mi cu ‘khuahlan san, san ropi, san thupi” tinak a si. Himi caan sungih khuaruahthiam hminthang cu St. Augustine a si.

          Ṭhen hnihnak cu AD 1000 ihsin 1300 tiang a siih Scholasticism zirhnak a ṭhangphawk caan a si. “Scholasticism” cu ‘A Laifang san’ laiah biaknaklam thu sirhsan in, phunsang tlawng pawl ah an rak zir ṭheumi khurruah daan phunkhat’ a si. Himi caan ih khuaruatthiam hminthang cu St. Thomas Aquinas a si. A laifang san ih khuaruatnak pawl felfaizet in a phorhsuah theitu a si.

          Ṭhen thumnak cu AD 1300 ihsin 1400 karlak a si. Himi san ih khuaruatthiam hminthang cu Ockham mi Williams a si.

          Hi a tlunih khuaruatthiam hminthang pawl thuhla pawl a tawinak in ka ngan peh vivo ding.

St. Augustine (354-430)

          St Augustine hi A Laifaing san ṭhen khatnak ih Khristian khuaruatnak lam hminthangbik a si. Amah ih ruangah Khristian zirhnak pawl hi khuaruahnak lam dinsuahnak hrangah tampi in a bawm hngai. A canganmi pawl khal hi Khristian khuaruahnak lam hrangah a thupi zet a si.

          Augustine hi Africa ram sak lam Tagaste khua ah AD 354 kum November 13 ni ah a suak. A pa cu Pathian zum lotu Patricius a si. A nu cu Khristian zumtu ṭha Monica a si. A nu ih zirhnak le khuaruahnak pawlin Khristian ah a cangter. A hmaisa a nauhakte lai ahcun biaknak lenglam ca zir in a caan a cem ter. Cuticun khawvel fimthiamnak in a nun a khuh thluh. Nu le pa sualnak le zu le sa thawn lei tisa duhnak a phunphun lakah a caan duhtawk in a hmang. Nom theibik in a nung. Asinain a nu ih Pathian thu a zumfeknak, thlacam saknak le zirhnak in Khristian ah a cang sal. Zumtu Khirstian a rak can daan khal thil mak zet a si. 386 kum Ṭhaal caan ah “Nelrawn ram ih St. Anthony” (Saint Anthony of the Desert) timi cabu a siarnak ihsin ruah lopi in Khristian ah a cang. Neta lam ah Khristian a can daan thu ah hitin a simsal: “Nauhak aw vekin thusimmi pakhat ka thei: Cumi cu, ‘lak aw la siar aw’ ti hi a si. Curuangah Baibal ka lak ih a hmaisabik ka hmu mi ka siar. Ka siarmi cu Rom 13:13-14 sung ta a siih cuih Baibal caang in ka nun hmakhatte ah in thleng thluh a si” a ti.

Khristian zumnak hi a thupi a si tiah a theifiang ngah hnu hman ah Kristian si ding taktak hi har a ti. Asinain Bishop Ambrose kut in 387 kum Thawhsalni ah Milan khua baptisma a lak. Cuihsin zirhtu pakhat tiih a hminthan thoknak hmun Italy ram Rom le Milam khua pawl a suahsan ih amai’ suahkehnak Africa saklam ram ah a kir sal. Lamzin ih a tlun rero laifangah a hrangih zumfeknak thawn thla a camsak rerotu a nu a thi. Cuihsin a nun a cem hlan sung hmuahhmuah cu cangan in a caan a cemter ih Kawhhran ah thuneitubik ah a cang. AD 395 kum ah Hippo khua Bishop ah a cang. A canganmi lakah a hminthangbikmi cu “Pathian ih Khuapi” (The City of God) a si.  AD 430 kum August 28 ah Hippo khua ah a thi.

          Himi cahram sungah an san laiih an buaipi zetmi khuruatnak lam thawn pehpar in a thupizetmi pawl mallai a tawinak in kan tarlang tum hnik ding.

         

Augustine ih "Theihnak" (Epistemology) thawn pehzom-aw in a zirhmi.

          Augustine ih ruahnak ah minung ih ziangkim kan hlawhtling theinak hi Pathian parah pumhlum in kan hngat aw thei tik lawngah a si. Pathian in amah le amah a phuang aw ih cumi cun ziangkim sersiam in a um. Phuan-awknak um loin thiamnak (Science) a famkim thei lo. Pathian ih phuan-awknak ruangah minung ih kan ruahnak kha a tleu var ter a si, a ti.

          Augustine ih ruahnak ah, “Pathian thu kan theihnak le mah le mah theih awknak lawnghi kan theih ṭulmi fimthiamnak pawl an si. Pathian thu kan thei theinak dingah logic nun daan lam le zirhnak dang pawl hi man an nei thluh (“Logic” timi cu ‘thuruah thiamnak lam zirnak’ a si lo le ‘thuruah thiam zirnak thil um daan/a si daan danglam deuh daan” a si). Minung ih a thupibik mi kan ṭuanvo kan zummi kha ṭhatein theifiang ding a si. Zumnak theifiang hi thu tampi khuaruat rero hnakin a thupi sawn. Ziangahtile biaknak, kawhhran pawl cu hi leitlun hrangah Pathian ih palai an si,” ti a si.

          Augustine in, “Zumnak hi a thupi. Theihnak timi khal cu Pathian le minung karlak ih pehzomnak in theitertu a si,” a ti.

          Augustine hi Plato ih khuaruatnak pawl a pompitu a si. Amai' kum 32 a kim hnu lawngah Plato ih cabu pawl a siar hmaisabik dah. Plato ih a khawlkhawmmi khuaruatnak lam cabu pawl a siar ṭheh hnu ah Augustine in “Pathian timi cu thlarau hmuahhmuah tlunah uktu, thil dang thawn rawi hnuaihni lomi thlarau diktak a si” ti a theifiang. Thinlung tak thawn amah a biaktu lawngin Pathian cu ton a theih. Cuih Pathian cu lei le van sersiamtu a si. Curuangah boruak le ziangtinkim remrelnak thu cu Pathian lawngah a si, tiah a ruat.

          Cun, Augustine in Khristian biakinn cu leitlun ih a ummi, hmuh theimi “Pathian ih Khuapi” (The City of God) a si tiah ruahnak a nei. Cuih a ruahnak ihsin khuruahnak lam tharthawhnak a pehin a um vivo. Khristian kawhhran pawl hi a sunglawimi pawlkomnak a si tiah an ruat. Curuangah rampi hrangah kawhhran hi a thupi ih ṭhansonak hrangah ṭuanvo a neitu bik a si. Ram pakhat ah Khristian biaknak a ṭumsuk vivo ahcun kawhhran in cuih ram cu a mawhthluk thei. Ziangahtile hi leilung hi Khristian Kawhhran ih khat dingmi a si, tiah a zum.

          Augustine san lai ah Kawhhran hi huham cahnak a nei zet caan a si. Siangpahrang uktu bawi pawl khalin Pope ih thuneihnak hi an el ngam lo. Siangpahrang Henry IV cu Pope Gregory ih hmaiah khukbil in a um ter thei a si. Cutluk hi Kawhhran in thuneihnak sang an nei thei.

          Cuticun Augustine te ih san laiah Khristian Kawhhran hi huham nei bik, thu nei bik caan a si. A khuaruahnak khal Kawhhran thuneih theinak lam hi thupi ah a ret deuh a si. A dang thuhla a suahpimi hminthang zet cu “Original Sin” thu a siih biaknak lam thu deuh a si ruangah ka tarlang nawn lo ding. 

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

          Thomas Aquinas hi 1225 kum January 28 ni ah Italy ram thlang lam Naples khua kiang Roccasecca, Aquino khua ah a suak. A nu hmin cu Dame Theodora a siih a pa hmin cu cu Landulf a si. A nauhakte lai ihsin University of Naples ah ca zir a thok. 1245 in 1248 kum karlak ah University of Paris ah cazir a pehzom vivo. Cumi hmun ahcun a hmin thangzetmi Albert timi pa hnenin Grik le Arabic a zir ih ca thiambik tlawngta pakhat a si. Neta ah Albert cu Cologne ah a ṭhawn tikah Thomas khalin a thlun vivo. 1252 kum ah Thomas cu Paris ah a kirsal ih cazir peh phah in zirhtu khal a ṭuan cih. 1256 kum ah ‘master of theology’ timi Pathian thu lamih ṭuanvo neitu bik ah an ret. Cuihsin Pathian thu (theology) le khuaruatnak thu pawl cu Colonge, Peris le Naples khua ih university tlawng pawl ah a zirh vivo. Ca a zirh phahin Catholic biaknak ih khuaruah daan pawl nasazet in a zir phah. Thomas Aquinas hi 1274 kum March 7 ni ah Council of Lyons meeting kai dingih a feh laifangah rin lopin a na ih a thi.

          Thomas Aquinas hi biaknak lam thu, khuaruatnak lam le fimthiamnak lam thawn pehparmi simfiangnak cabu tampi a tuah. Cuih simfiangnak cabu pawl sungah Aristotle ih ca thawn peh parmi simfiangnak khal a tel. A cabu pawl lakah a hminthangzetmi cu “Sunna Theologica” le “Sunna Contra Gentiles” tla an si.

Zumnak le Khuaruahnak.

          Thomas Aquinas ih hmanmi Metaphysics (‘Metaphysics’ timi cu ‘nun umnak, thudik, le theihkauhnak umzia thawn a pehparmi fim zirnak, khuaruah daan phun khat’ a si) ih tumtahmi cu hi leilung khawvelpi le boruak zate hi Pathian thuphuan bangin a cangsuakmi a si timi khuaruahnak langter dingah a si. Thomas Aquinas in Augustine ih zirhmi metaphysics thuhla um daan a tlangpi in a pompi. Cumi parah Aristotle ih ṭongfang hmanmi pawl thawn a khuaruahnak ah a bet khawm. Cuticun Aristotle ih calai pawl le Khristian biaknak ih thuthangṭha thawn hmunkhat ih kom thei dingin a zuam.

          Thomas Aquinas ih ruahnak ahcun khuaruahnak timi cu a hrante ih thil ummi pawl hmangin Pathian a um taktak a si ti langtertu a siih cumi hmuh theinak dingah biaknak lam fimnak zir a ṭul. Cuih biaknak lam fimnak cun Pathian  in a hrante ih thil ummi pawl a cangsuak daan langternak dingah a si, a ti. Hi leitlun ah kan ruahnak ih kan theiban lo dingmi thil tampi a um. Thuṭhimnak ah Thumkom Pathian (Trinity) in hi khawvel boruakpi ziangtin a sersiam timi hi olte’n ruah theihmi a si lo. Himi pawl hi kan zumnak men lawng an si. Cumi pawl cu biaknak lam thuhla a siih khuaruah men hnakin a thupi sawn. Biaknak sungih mangbangza thil pawl khuaruah ih cuhnu ah kan ruahnak kan sim timi cu zumnak thawn an el aw. Biaknak lam kan zumnak hmuahhmuah cu kan duhhiarnak parah a um ih, cuih kan duhhiarnak pawl cu Pathian in in theiter duh ruangah a cansuakmi pawl an si, a ti.

          Thomas Aquinas in khuaruatthiam pakhat cun thu pakhat a simfiang duh le amai' hmuhtonnak hmangin a simfiang ding, a ti. Cutin hmuhtonnak parah hram kan bun tik lawngah a thupitnak a simfiang thei ding. Metaphysic khal cu cutin thuhram peh ih ruahnak kha a si. Hi a khuaruah daan pawl kah zoh tikah Aristotle ih khuaruahnak pawl hi a ruahnak ah a um ringring ti a lang thei a si.

          Thomas Aquinas ih thuruahnak hminthang pawl tampi sungin mal lai ka tarlang ta ding. (1) “Minung pawl rundam an si theinak dingah a ṭulmi pa thum a um: Ziangso ka zum ding timi a thei a ṭul; ziangso ka duhhiarmi timi a thei a ṭul; ziangso ka tuah ding timi a thei a ṭul”; (2) “Zumnak cu hmuh theih lomi parah tuah a siih kut sungih a um hrih lomi pawl ruahsan hi a si”; (3) “Kan thinnomnak bik ih hrampi cu rualremnak a si, rualpi tel locun kan lungkimzetmi khal nom lo bik ah a cangter”; (4) “Ziangtin remte’n kan umkhawm thei ding? Kan thei hmaisabik ṭulmi cu kan zate’n Pathian pakhat kan duhdawt cio timi hi a si”; (5) “Kawhhran in lamzin palh ah in fehpi lo ding timi fiangte’n a pom theitu cun Kawhhran ih zirhmi hmuahhmuah a zum thei ding a si”; (6) “Minung pawl in a neihmi thilri pawl hi amai’ ta ti’n ruat loin zapi hrang khal a si tiah a ruat thei ahcun midang pawl a ṭulzet caan ah siangzetin midang a hlawm thei ding a si”; timi pawl an si.

Duhdawtnak le duhsaknak thawn,

Rev. Dr. CJ Hrang Hmung

D.Min., PhD (Dev. Adm.)

Manila, Philippines.